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Based on national laws as of 2025
Homosexuality decriminalised in 1890 (Zanardelli Code) — one of the earliest in Europe. Same-sex civil unions ("unioni civili") legal since 5 June 2016 (Cirinnà Law / Law 76/2016), granting near-parity with marriage in most civil matters: inheritance, hospital visitation, next-of-kin, pension survivor rights, residency for foreign partners. Same-sex marriage not legal. Joint adoption not permitted. Step-child adoption historically allowed case-by-case by courts, but actively restricted by the Me
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